How do you apply for Canadian citizenship?

General information, not immigration advice. To become a Canadian citizen, you apply to Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC). IRCC encourages applying online because it is faster and more efficient, and most applicants can do so. A few people must still apply on paper, for example those who want their representative to complete and submit the application for them. For an adult, the requirements include having permanent resident status, having enough physical presence in Canada, and, between the ages of 18 and 54, proving language skills and passing the citizenship test. The oath is taken at a citizenship ceremony, the last step.

Estimate your situation

Citizenship calculator: required days of presence ↗ Tool offered by ITAG

Demande au Québec is published by ITAG, which also offers these tools. They give an estimate, not an official decision. Some require creating an account, free or paid depending on the tool. This link is not a source.

Key facts

Who receives the application

Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC). Applying online is recommended; some cases (for example a representative who completes and submits the application) require paper.

Physical presence (adults)

At least 1,095 days (3 years) within a 5-year eligibility period, including at least 730 days as a permanent resident. Some time spent as a temporary resident or protected person may count.

Language and test

Between 18 and 54 on the day you sign: proof of French or English language skills and the citizenship test. Accommodations or waivers exist.

Fees

Amounts are shown in IRCC's fee list; they did not appear in the page text read for this answer, so they are not repeated here.

Processing time

The official page gives no fixed time: processing times vary by application type, whether it is complete and other factors. IRCC publishes a processing-times tool.

Steps

1. First check whether you are eligible: the IRCC site lists the criteria for adults (18 or older) and for minors.
2. Confirm that you have valid permanent resident status in Canada. You can apply with a valid or expired PR card.
3. Calculate your physical presence in Canada: at least 1,095 days in the 5 years before the date you sign your application. IRCC encourages you to wait until you are past this threshold, in case your calculation is wrong.
4. See whether you were required to file income tax returns and state in your application whether you did.
5. If you are 18 to 54 on the day you sign, plan for proof of your French or English language skills. IRCC will invite you to the citizenship test after you submit your application.
6. Apply online (recommended): create your own account with your email address, complete the application yourself, then sign, date and submit it. If you are in an exception case, a paper application is required.
7. Pay the fees when you submit your application and include the proof of payment: if you do not pay the full amount, IRCC will return your application.
8. After submitting, keep your address up to date with IRCC. If your application is approved, you take the citizenship oath at a ceremony.

General information drawn from official sources. It does not replace legal, medical or financial advice. For your situation, contact the organization concerned or a professional.